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A close-up of a blacksmith at work. Smith became a popular last name for those with this occupation. | |
Pronunciation | /ˈsmɪθ/ |
---|---|
Origin | |
Word/name | Old English |
Meaning | derived from smitan, meaning 'to smite' |
Region of origin | England |
Other names | |
Variant form(s) | numerous |
[1][2] |
Smith is a surname[3] originating in England. It is the most prevalent surname in the United Kingdom,[4][1]Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States,[5] and the fifth most common surname in the Republic of Ireland. The surname Smith is particularly prevalent among those of English, Scottish and Irish descent,[6] but is also a common surname among African Americans, which can be attributed either to black slaves being given the surname during slavery and never changing the name upon the end of the era of slavery and after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation or to descendants of interracial marriages.[7][dubious] 2,376,206 Americans shared the surname Smith during the 2000 census,[8] and more than 500,000 people share it in the United Kingdom.[9] At the turn of the 20th century, the surname was sufficiently prevalent in England to have prompted the statement: 'Common to every village in England, north, south, east and west';[10] and sufficiently common on the (European) continent (in various forms) to be 'common in most countries of Europe'.[11]
- 3Variations
- 3.2Other languages
Etymology and history[edit]
The name refers to a smith, originally deriving from smið or smiþ, the Old English term meaning one who works in metal related to the word smitan, the Old English form of smite, which also meant strike (as in early 17th century Biblical English: the verb 'to smite' = to hit). The Old English word smiþ comes from the Proto-Germanic word smiþaz. Smithy comes from the Old English word smiðē from the Proto-Germanic smiðjon. The use of Smith as an occupational surname dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, when inherited surnames were still unknown: Ecceard Smith of County Durham, North East England, was recorded in 975.[12]
Although the name is derived from a common occupation, many later Smiths had no connection to that occupation, but adopted or were given the surname precisely because of its commonness. For example:
- It is common for people in English-speaking countries to adopt the surname Smith in order to maintain a secret identity, when they wish to avoid being found. Smith is an extremely common name among English Gypsies; see also John Smith.[citation needed]
- During the colonization of North America, some Native Americans took the name for use in dealing with colonists.[citation needed]
- During the period of slavery in the United States, many other slaves were known by the surname of their masters, or adopted those surnames upon their emancipation.
- During the world wars, many German Americansanglicised the common and equivalent German surname Schmidt or Schmitz to Smith to avoid discrimination.[citation needed]
Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island; some chose more 'American' surnames, like 'Smith', on arrival.
A popular misconception holds that at the beginning of the 20th century, when many new immigrants were entering the U.S., civil servants at Ellis Island responsible for cataloging the entry of such persons sometimes arbitrarily assigned new surnames if the immigrants' original surname was particularly lengthy, or difficult for the processor to spell or pronounce.[citation needed] While such claims are likely vastly exaggerated,[13] many immigrants did choose to begin their American lives with more 'American' names, particularly with Anglicised versions of their birth names; the German Schmidt was often Anglicized to Smith not only during the world wars, but also commonly in times of peace, and the equivalent PolishKowalski was Anglicized to Smith as well.
Geographical distribution[edit]
As of 2014, 64.3% of all known bearers of the surname Smith were residents of the United States (frequency 1:121), 13.7% of England (1:88), 4.2% of Canada (1:191), 4.0% of Australia (1:130), 3.9% of South Africa (1:295), 1.4% of Scotland (1:84) and 1.0% of Jamaica (1:62).
In Scotland, the frequency of the surname was higher than average (1:84) in the following council areas:
- 1. Shetland (1:33)
- 2. Outer Hebrides (1:46)
- 3. Moray (1:49)
- 4. Angus (1:50)
- 5. Aberdeenshire (1:57)
- 6. Dundee (1:70)
- 7. Aberdeen (1:71)
- 8. East Lothian (1:75)
- 9. Perth and Kinross (1:76)
- 10. Midlothian (1:77)
- 11. Dumfries and Galloway (1:77)
- 12. Fife (1:82)
- 13. South Lanarkshire (1:83)
In England, the frequency of the surname was higher than average (1:88) in the following counties:
- 1. Lincolnshire (1:61)
- 2. Worcestershire (1:64)
- 3. Warwickshire (1:67)
- 4. Nottinghamshire (1:67)
- 5. Derbyshire (1:67)
- 6. Norfolk (1:68)
- 7. Suffolk (1:69)
- 8. Rutland (1:69)
- 9. East Riding of Yorkshire (1:69)
- 10. Essex (1:70)
- 11. Leicestershire (1:70)
- 12. Staffordshire (1:71)
- 13. Northamptonshire (1:72)
- 14. Herefordshire (1:74)
- 15. Gloucestershire (1:75)
- 16. North Yorkshire (1:77)
- 17. Isle of Wight (1:78)
- 18. Kent (1:78)
- 19. South Yorkshire (1:78)
- 20. Cambridgeshire (1:80)
- 21. Northumberland (1:81)
- 22. Hampshire (1:82)
- 23. Durham (1:82)
- 24. West Midlands (1:83)
- 25. Tyne and Wear (1:83)
- 26. West Yorkshire (1:83)
- 27. Oxfordshire (1:85)
- 28. Merseyside (1:85)
- 29. Lancashire (1:87)
- 30. Wiltshire (1:88)
In the United States, the frequency of the surname was higher than average (1:121) in the following states:[14]
- 1. Mississippi (1:61)
- 2. Alabama (1:69)
- 3. Arkansas (1:74)
- 4. Tennessee (1:80)
- 5. South Carolina (1:80)
- 6. North Carolina (1:83)
- 7. Kentucky (1:83)
- 8. Oklahoma (1:84)
- 9. West Virginia (1:87)
- 10. Georgia (1:88)
- 11. Louisiana (1:91)
- 12. Indiana (1:97)
- 13. Ohio (1:102)
- 14. Maryland (1:104)
- 15. Virginia (1:105)
- 16. Kansas (1:106)
- 17. Missouri (1:106)
- 18. Idaho (1:106)
- 19. Utah (1:108)
- 20. Michigan (1:111)
- 21. Delaware (1:113)
- 22. Maine (1:114)
- 23. Wyoming (1:118)
- 24. Oregon (1:118)
Variations[edit]
![Special Special](/uploads/1/2/6/0/126065519/789987821.jpg)
Variations of the surname Smith also remain very common. These include different spellings of the English term, and versions in other languages.
English variations[edit]
There is some disagreement about the origins of the numerous variations of the name Smith. The addition of an e at the end of the name is sometimes considered an affectation, but may have arisen either as an attempt to spell smithy or as the Middle English adjectival form of smith,[15] which would have been used in surnames based on location rather than occupation (in other words, for someone living near or at the smithy).[16] Likewise, the replacement of the i with a y in Smyth or Smythe is also often considered an affectation but may have originally occurred because of the difficulty of reading blackletter text, where Smith might look like Snuth or Simth.[15] However, Charles Bardsley wrote in 1901, 'The y in Smyth is the almost invariable spelling in early rolls, so that it cannot exactly be styled a modern affectation.'[10] Some variants (such as Smijth) were adopted by individuals for personal reasons, while others may have arisen independently or as offshoots from the Smith root. Names such as Smither and Smithers may in some cases be variants of Smith but in others independent surnames based on a meaning of light and active attributed to smyther.[16] Additional derivatives include Smithman, Smithson and Smithfield (see below).[16] Athersmith may derive from at the Smith.[17]
Other variations focus on specialisms within the profession; for example Blacksmith, from those who worked predominantly with iron, Whitesmith, from those who worked with tin (and the more obvious Tinsmith), Brownsmith and Redsmith, from those who worked with copper (Coppersmith and Greensmith; copper is green when oxidised), Silversmith and Goldsmith – and those based on the goods produced, such as Hammersmith, Bladesmith, Naismith (nail-smith), Arrowsmith which in turn was shortened to Arsmith,[18] or Shoesmith (referring to horseshoes).[16]Sixsmith is variant spelling of a sickle- or scythe-smith.[19] Wildsmith in turn is a corruption of wheelsmith[20]
The patronymic practice of attaching son to the end of a name to indicate that the bearer is the child of the original holder has also led to the surnames Smithson and Smisson. Historically, 'Smitty' has been a common nickname given to someone with the surname, Smith; in some instances, this usage has passed into 'Smitty' being used as a surname itself.[21]
Other languages[edit]
Other languages with different words for the occupation of 'smith' or 'blacksmith' also produced surnames based on that root.
Other Germanic languages[edit]
- German: Schmid, Schmidt, Schmitt, Schmitz, Schmith, Schmied,[11]Schmick
- Yiddish: Schmidt (שמידט), Schmitt (שמיט), Schmitz (שמיץ)
- Southern Dutch: De Smid, De Smedt, Desmedt, De Smet, Desmet, Smeets, Smets
- Northern Dutch and Afrikaans: Smit, Smits, Smid, Smidt, Smed, De Smet
- Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Smed
Romance languages[edit]
Words derived from the Latin term for smith (literally 'one who works with iron'), such as the Italian words fabbro and ferraio, are the root of last names common in several parts of Europe.[citation needed]
- Italian: Fabbri, Fabbro, Fabris, Ferrara, Ferraro, Ferrari, Ferrera, Ferrero
- French: Lefebvre, Lefèvre, Lefeuvre, Lefébure, Favre, Faber, Fabre, Fabré, Faure, Fauré, Favret, Favrette, or Dufaure, Feaver (anglicisation)
- Spanish: Herrero, Herrera, Ferrero
- Romanian: Feraru, Fieraru
- Portuguese: Ferreiro, Ferreira
- Catalan: Ferrer, Ferré, Farré, Fabre, Fabra
- Latin: Faber
Celtic languages[edit]
In Ireland and Scotland, the word for smith, gobha, is found in the surname 'MacGouren'/MacGouran/MacGowan/McGowan. This surname is an Anglicised form of Mac a' Ghobhainn (Scottish Gaelic), Mac Gabhann (Irish), meaning 'son of the smith'.[22] In England the surname Goff, which is common in East Anglia, is derived from the Breton and Cornishgoff a cognate of the Gaelicgobha. This particular surname was brought to England by migrant Bretons, following the Norman Conquest of England.[23]
- Cornish: Angove (an Gov), Goff, Goffe, Trengove
Slavic languages[edit]
- Belarusian: Kavalou (Кавалёў), Koval (Коваль), Kavalonak (Кавалёнак), Kavaluk (Кавалюк), Kavalevič (Кавалевіч)
- Russian: Kovalyov (Ковалёв), Kuznetsov (Кузнецов)
- Bosnian: Kovač, Kovačić, Kovačević
- Bulgarian: Kovachev (Ковачев)
- Croatian: Kovač, Kovačić, Kovačević, Kovačev, Kovačec, Kovaček
- Czech: Kovář
- Macedonian: Kovačevski (Ковачевски), Kovačev (Ковачев)
- Slovak: Kováč and derived Kováčik, Kovačovič
- Polish: Kowal and its place name derivative Kowalski, and patronymics Kowalik, Kowalczyk and Kowalewski
- Serbian: Kovačević (Ковачевић), Kovač (Ковач), Kovačev (Ковачев)
- Slovenian: Kovač, Kovačič
- Ukrainian: Kovalenko (Коваленко), Kovalchuk (Ковальчук), Koval (Коваль)
Other European[edit]
- Greek: Sideras (Σιδεράς)
- Hungarian: Kovács
- Latvian: Kalējs
- Lithuanian: Kalvaitis, Kavaliauskas
Other[edit]
- Arabic: Haddad (حداد)
- Albanian: Nallbani
- Azerbaijani: Dəmirçi
- Aramaic: Haddad
- Armenian: Darbinyan, Tarpinyan (Դարբինյան, Տարպինյան)
- Balinese: Pande
- Bengali: Karmakar (কর্মকার)
- Estonian: Sepp
- Finnish: Seppä, Seppälä, Seppänen
- Georgian: Mchedlidze, Mchedlishvili (მჭედლიძე, მჭედლიშვილი)
- Hindi: Lohar (लोहार)
- Japanese: Kajiya (鍛冶屋)
- Lingala: Motuli
- Median: Esmi
- Nepali: Kami (कामी)
- Persian: Zargar (زرگر)
- Punjabi: Lohar (ਲੋਹਾਰ/لوہار)
- Syriac: Hadodo (ܚܕܕܐ), Hadad, Haddad[11]
- Turkish: Demirci
Notable people[edit]
See also[edit]
- Smithson (son of Smith)
Notes[edit]
- ^ abServices, Good Stuff IT. 'Smith surname meaning, origin, etymology and distribution in Great Britain'. Britishsurnames.co.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'1990 Census Name Files'. Web.archive.org. 30 March 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'SMITH - Surname Meaning and Origin'. Genealogy.about.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'UK surnames ranking'. Surname Map of UK.
- ^'Genealogy - Frequently Occurring Surnames From Census 2000'. Web.archive.org. 19 November 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^Citation: Brooke, 2006.
- ^Franklin Carter Smith, Emily Anne Croom, A Genealogist's Guide to Discovering Your African-American Ancestors (2009), p. 109-110.
- ^United States Census Bureau. 'Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000'. 27 September 2011. Accessed 29 March 2012.
- ^'Surname Profiler'. Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^ abBardsley. English and Welsh Surnames. 1901.
- ^ abcCitation: Anderson, 1863.
- ^Citation: Simpson, 2007.
- ^USCIS Home PageArchived 22 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Smith surname distribution
- ^ abCottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.
- ^ abcdCitation: Lower, 1860.
- ^'Surname Database: Athersmith Last Name Origin'. The Internet Surname Database. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'Surname Database: Arsmith Last Name Origin'. The Internet Surname Database. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'Surname Database: Sixsmith Last Name Origin'. The Internet Surname Database. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'Surname Database: Wildsmith Last Name Origin'. The Internet Surname Database. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^Elsdon Coles Smith, The Book of Smith (1979), p. 195, ISBN0399503935.
- ^'Mcgowan Name Meaning & Mcgowan Family History at Ancestry.com'. Ancestry.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^'Goff Name Meaning & Goff Family History at Ancestry.com'. Ancestry.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
Smith & Wesson Serial Number Chart
References[edit]
- Anderson, William (1863). The Scottish Nation (Volume 3: MAC to ZET)(PDF). Edinburgh: A. Fullerton & Co. p. 479. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- Bardsley, Charles Wareing (1901). English and Welsh Surnames(PDF). London: Henry Frowde. p. 699. ISBN0-8063-0022-1. Retrieved 3 March 2008. The section heading referenced here reads 'Smith, Smyth, Smythe', suggesting these to be the most common variants at the time (1901).
- 'Surname Map for Smith in Britain, Ireland and Mann'(map). CelticFamilyMaps.com. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- Brooke, Bob (31 December 2006). 'The Mighty Smiths: Dealing With Common Surnames'. Everyday Genealogy. Genealogy Today, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- CBC News (26 July 2007). 'Common surnames'. News In Depth. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
- Cottle, Basil (1967). Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books.
- Dorward, David (1998). Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition).
- Geoghegan, Eddie (26 May 2006). 'Smith coat of arms and family history'. Araltas.com. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
At the outset it is important to mention that the spelling of the name as Smith, Smyth, Smithe, Smythe, etc. is of little historical significance. The use of 'i' and 'y' and the presence or absence of the terminal 'e' merely reflect the writing styles of the day.
- 'How Many of Me?'(database search result). HowManyofMe.com. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
There are 3,053,623 people in the U.S. with the last name Smith.
- Lower, Mark Antony (1860) [1860]. Patronymica Britannica: A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom(PDF (Google Books)). London: John Russell Smith. pp. 319–321. ISBN0-7884-0456-3. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
- O'Kane, Willie (1998). 'Surnames of County Monaghan'. Irish Roots. 26 (2nd quarter). Retrieved 2 March 2008.
...certain members of the MacGabhann and O Gabhan septs, usually Anglicised as McGowan, took the name Smith on the basis of the name Mac Gobha, 'son of the smith'.
The URL here is to a reprint on the Irish Ancestors website. Tables of contents for back issues of Irish Roots Magazine are found at https://web.archive.org/web/20091217104309/http://irishroots.ie/Back%20Issues%20List.htm and there are two listings for the title here, one in 'Issue No. 26 (1998 Second quarter)', the other in 'Issue No. 48 (2003 Fourth quarter)'. It is not clear whether the latter is a simple reprint of the former or an update. The reprinted article notes 'From Irish Roots, (No. 28)'. - Simpson, David (30 January 2007). 'Surnames of North East England'. The North East England History Pages. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- Smith, Elsdon C. (1997). American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company.
- 'Smith surname at YourNotMe'. YourNotMe.com. Archived from the original(database search result) on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - US Census Bureau (9 May 1995). s:1990 Census Name Files dist.all.last (1-100). Retrieved on 25 February 2008.
External links[edit]
- Origin and history of the name of Smith, with biographies of all the most noted persons of that name, Chicago, Ill., American Publishers' Association, 1902. via Internet Archive
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith_(surname)&oldid=913875117'
(Redirected from Smith and Wesson Model 36)
Smith & Wesson Model 36 Serial Numbers
Smith & Wesson Model 36 | |
---|---|
Smith & Wesson Model 36 revolver, which was issued to women in the New South Wales Police Force | |
Type | Revolver |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 1950–present |
Used by | Users |
Production history | |
Manufacturer | Smith & Wesson |
Unit cost | $749.00 |
Specifications | |
Mass | 19.5 oz. |
Length | 6.22' |
Barrel length | 1.811' |
Caliber | .38 Special |
Action | Double Action/Single Action |
Effective firing range | 25 yards (23 m) |
Maximum firing range | 50 yards (46 m) |
Feed system | 5-round cylinder |
Sights | Fixed rear, front blade |
The Smith & Wesson Model 36 (also known as the Chiefs Special) is a revolver chambered for .38 Special. It is one of several models of J-frame revolvers. It was introduced in 1950, and is still in production in the classic blued Model 36 and the stainless steel Model 637 'Airweight'.
History[edit]
The Model 36 was designed in the era just after World War II, when Smith & Wesson stopped producing war materials and resumed normal production. For the Model 36, they sought to design a revolver that could fire the more powerful (compared to the .38 Long Colt or the .38 S&W) .38 Special round in a small, concealable package. Since the older I-frame was not able to handle this load, a new frame was designed, which became the J-frame.
The new design was introduced at the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) convention in 1950, and was favorably received. A vote was held to name the new revolver, and the name 'Chiefs Special' won.[1][2] A 3-inch (76 mm) barreled version design went into production immediately, due to high demand. It was available in either a blued or nickel-plated finish.[3] It was produced as the 'Chiefs Special' until 1957, when it then became the Model 36. The 'Chiefs Special' continued to be manufactured as a separate variant.
In 1951, Smith & Wesson introduced the Airweight Model 37, which was basically the Model 36 design with an aluminum frame and cylinder. The aluminum cylinders proved to be problematic and were abandoned in favor of a steel cylinder.[3]
A page of the 1976 S&W catalog, detailing the Models 36, 37, 38, 48 and 49.
In 1989, Smith & Wesson introduced the LadySmith variant of the Model 36. This was available with 2 in (51 mm) or 3 in (76 mm) barrel and blued finish. This model also featured special grips designed specifically for women, and had 'LADYSMITH' engraved on the frame.[4]
Approximately 615 Model 36-6 Target variations were produced. This variant had a 3-inch full lug barrel with adjustable sights and a blued glass finish.
In 2002, Smith & Wesson reintroduced the Model 36 with gold features (hammer, thumbpiece, extractor, and trigger), calling it the 'Model 36 Gold'. The gold color was actually titanium nitride.
In 2005, Smith & Wesson produced the 'Texas Hold 'Em' variant. This was produced with a blued finish, imitation ivory grips, and 24k gold plate engraving.
A large number of Model 37 variants with a lanyard ring attached were made for Japan. Part of this contract was cancelled, resulting in a large number of these being sold to a wholesaler, who then re-sold them for civilian use. These entered the civilian market in 2001. In 2006, the Model 37 was dropped from Smith & Wesson's catalog.
Serial number 337 was shipped to J. Edgar Hoover and is engraved with his name.
In 1958, Spanish manufacturer Astra developed a high quality revolver line based on this weapon, under the name of Astra Cadix, Astra 250 and Astra NC6.
Design and features[edit]
Model 36-10 with nickel finish and Smith & Wesson ergonomic rosewood grips
Designed to be small and compact, the Model 36 is available with a 1.875 inch barrel.
Like nearly all other 'J-frame' Smith & Wesson revolvers, it has a 5-round capacity in a swing-out cylinder, and features an exposed hammer. It features a nickel-plated or blued finish and either wood or rubber grips.
Users[edit]
- Japan: Shipped 5,344 Model 37s in 2003 to the National Police Agency.[5] 5,519 revolvers shipped to the National Police Agency in 2005.[6]
- Malaysia: From 1970 to early 2000, the Model 36 is standard sidearm for plainclothed detective in Royal Malaysian PoliceSpecial Branch or Criminal Investigation Division before Glock 17 adoptation. It also used by RELA Corps Medium/Lower Rank Officer (permanent or volunteer) as training or self-defence weapon before the adoption of the Glock 19/26 and HK USP 9mm and is still used until today.
- Malta: It was standard issue for the Mobile Squad in the Malta Police Force until the arrival of the Glock 17 in 2007. They have since then been withdrawn from active carry, but they are still all being kept in the General Police Headquarters in Floriana.
- Norway: Although never a standard service gun in Norway, it is kept in the Norwegian Police Service inventory as a pure self-defensive option, for off-duty officers who meet certain criteria.
- South Korea: In 1974, it was used in the failed attempt to assassinate South Korean president Park Chung-hee, killing his wife Yuk Young-soo instead. Five years later, M36 Chief Special was, once again, used to assassinate Park.
- United States: For many years, the Model 36 was the standard police detective and 'plainsclothes man' carry weapon for many police agencies including the NYPD. Many police officers still use it or one of its newer Smith & Wesson descendants as a 'back up' weapon to their primary duty pistol or as their 'off-duty' weapon. For several years in the mid-1970s, the Model 36 was issued to and carried as a duty weapon by administrative and command staff of the NC State Highway Patrol, but it was later replaced when all troopers were required to carry the then duty issue weapon, the S&W Model 66 .357, which was in turn later replaced with the last Smith revolver, the Model 686, before the agency transitioned to semi-automatics in the early 1990s.
References[edit]
- ^Ayoob, Massad. Greatest Handguns of the World (Krause Publications, Inc., 2010) p. 208
- ^Jinks, Roy G. History of Smith & Wesson (Beinfeld Publishing,1977), p. 225.
- ^ abArmed for Personal Defense by Jerry Ahern
- ^'Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson' By Jim Supica, Richard Nahas
- ^'Department of State Letter on May 18, 2003'(PDF). US Department of State. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 16, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-09.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'US Department of State Letter on September 6, 2005'(PDF). US Department of State. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 16, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-09.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smith & Wesson Model 36. |
Smith And Wesson Model 36
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